Moral Theories Of Human Rights - 1433 Words

What do you understand under the philosophy of human rights and the reality of moral theories ABSTRACT The idea of human rights came up as early as 539 BC when the armies of Cyrus the great who was the king of ancient Persia conquered the city of Babylon and he freed all the slaves and gave them the right to chose a religion of their choice. This reveals the history of human rights. However the history of human rights complements the philosophical aspect of the same. Both aspects champion the idea of human rights which emanate from the aspect that human rights are an entitlement to human beings by virtue of them being born human. Freedom, liberty, equality and independence are all important human rights represented in the philosophy of†¦show more content†¦Kant explains that the ultimate principle of morality must be moral law conceived so abstractly. On the other hand, Locke held that there is no innate human knowledge. He gives his ideas premised on the fact that there is duty, law, legislator and sanctions. He stipulates that no moral law could determine human violation and theory. It follows that moral obligations must be derived from legislation by intelligent beings with power to enforce their dictates by appropriate moral sanctions. On this basis, Locke distinguishes three basic types of moral law by referencing to the legislative source of each divine law, civil law and the law of repetition. He derived the aspect that divine law arises from the God’s right as the creator to dictate morality to all creatures of his own making. He held that denial of God’s existence, moral legislation or control would mean an irrational hope of escaping moral law. Rousseau indicated that humans lived originally in small groups and this allowed them to help each other. As time progressed, there where advantages of distributing labor, wealth began to grow and the desire for more grew. Then there was equality. With the growing inequality, property became more and more important and there was an artificial status hierarchy which established within a s ociety. Hobbes’ social contract institutes inequality as the fundamental conditions of modern society. He outlines that the social contract would never create stability but thereShow MoreRelatedMoral Theories Of Human Rights1614 Words   |  7 PagesMaster of Human Rights Peace and Development What do you understand under the philosophy of human rights and the reality of moral theories? PROF G. MENELICK : PHR 500 Laurelle Mbaradza 160563 Date _______________________________11 February 2017 ABSTRACT The paper gives a roadmap on the foundations of human rights from the mediaeval to modern times. 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There are only two basic kinds of prescriptive moral theories: teleological theories, deontological theories TELEOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORIES Teleological moral theories locate moral goodness in the consequences of our behavior and not theRead MoreMoral Philosophy And Its Strength And Weaknesses1350 Words   |  6 PagesA system of moral principles is a definition of ethics in a culture or a group. Principles or rules of right conduct or the distinction between right and wrong are one definition of moral. In this essay, I will search for my principles and how I ought to live my life. What do I believe in and how do I apply this in my duty as a human being, as a father, husband and a military officer. In other words, I will search for my moral philosophy. Furthermore, I will explain my moral philosophy and itsRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory And The Natural Law Theory Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesAs humans, we are able rationalize and determine what is morally correct. We are the only ones in society that have this ability since animals cannot differentiate between right and wrong. (Pisemenny, 2016) Two theories were developed that linked morality and religion are the Divine Command Theory and the Natural Law Theory. In this paper, I will discuss how the Divine Command Theory and the Natural Law Theory differ and how the Natural Law Theory is more effective. The Divine Command Theory isRead MoreUniversalist Theory Of Universalism1237 Words   |  5 PagesUniversalist theories (moral universalism) are meta-ethical positions that claim that there is a universal ethic that applies to all people regardless of their nationality, religion, sex, race, culture, sexuality, and other distinguishing features (Greenwood and Harris, 2011). Universal ethics refer to a moral system that applies to the entire humanity, transcending personal whims, and culture in the process. The justification for this rises from human nature, which is a shared vulnerability of sufferingRead MoreVirtue Ethics : Moral Philosophy For Determining The Moral Permissibility Of Abortion1283 Words   |  6 PagesRosalind Hursthouse argued that virtue ethics is the preferable moral philosophy for determining the moral permissibility of abortion because it avoids the drawbacks from the utilitarian approach, and the deontological approach. I will demonstrate that virtue ethics is preferable because (i) it does not require a comprehension of problematic abstract concepts, and because (ii) it is sensitive to circumstantial variation. This paper will argue that virtue ethics is the preferable ethical approachRead MoreThe Moral Theory Of Deontology828 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve that the moral theory of Deontology, which is also called non-consequentialism, incorrectly answers the question â€Å"What is right?† The reason being that Deontology answers this question base on each individual experience and belief, which most likely will always be different from person to person. In my stance I will first explain the moral theory of Deontology, secondly I will point out how Deontology answers the question â€Å"What is right?†, and lastly analyze why the moral theory of DeontologyRead MoreDivine Command Theory And Natural Law Theory948 Words   |  4 PagesReligion has always been a central part of human history, tracing back to the earliest know n records in human existence. From the ancient Egyptians to the Mayans, from the Celts to the Greeks and Romans, from Hinduism to Judaism to Catholicism, religion has always been the center of human culture. Recent studies have suggested that religion was centered on advanced alien races whose technology was misunderstood. However, one thing is undeniable, these age old systems of belief and worship of a higher

Comparing the Suffering Between Rhoda in The Withered Arm...

Comparing the Suffering Between Rhoda in The Withered Arm and The Sons Veto in the tale The Withered Arm in the story The Sons Veto are both very lonely women. Both of these women and have been mistreated by men, but none of them ever speak out for themselves to tell the men that their behaviour is unacceptable. Women who were treated by men were just expected by their fathers (if the husband is rich) to just keep quiet and be happy that they are financially supported. Rhoda is a social reject. She has been isolated to a small, dilapidated cottage in the middle of a lonely field. Rhoda is of the poor working class. She has received no education and is illiterate. Her son wears worn out†¦show more content†¦Towards the end of the story, as Gertrude seeks a cure for her withered arm, her husband ends up cursing her, Damn you! What are you doing here?. This shows how the relationship turned quite quickly from happiness and affection to resenting and unhappiness. It also shows an example of lovers ending up in a sorry state as their relationship goes ba dly, as Gertrude dies after receiving the cure for her spookily withered arm. Hardy was also very interested in writing about fate and coincidence in his work for his readers. As this shows in the The Withered Arm. Rhoda feels such a strong dislike for Gertrude, her ex-husbands new wife, that she subconsciously grasps her by the arm in a dream. Also, another strong coincidence is that Gertrude is told to receive her cure for the arm by pressing it against the neck of a hanged person. The coincidence is that the hanged person turns out to be Rhodas own son, who had be hanged for stealing. The son of the woman who seems to have caused the illness, was the same person that offered her the cure, although Gertrude dies very soon after. The Sons Veto presents another moral issue. A lower class woman marries an upper class man. To avoid judgement they move away. When this man dies, she meets a past love, but because he is now of a lower class, her son forbids her to marry him and she dies an unhappy lady. The

Who Killed the Electric Car free essay sample

Analysis of who killed the electric car Background The problem In 1990s, California was threatened by smog problem, and black cloud appeared in the sky. Air pollution problem resulted in the development of lung cancer and associated diseases in people. The gasoline car was one of the main factors that released carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, which lead to global warming. Facing the risk of devastation of human’s living place and health, California proposed to develop cars that run on clean energy. To comply with the state environmental policy and economic trend, GM produced the first electric car, which was called EV1, and its first presence on the road was in 1996. The creation and prohibition The aim to replace gasoline car with electric car was to reduce the emission of air pollutants. Plug-in electric vehicles are next generation clean cars that use electric batteries charged from an external source. With smart strategies and a favorable policy framework, these vehicles present an exciting opportunity to reduce air pollution, save drivers more than $1,200 per year on gasoline and reduce our dependence on foreign oil. Environmental Law Policy Center] Seeing the business trend of electric cars, the development of electric car has soared in a short period. Many other car companies imitated GM to produce the electric car, and even launch new design electric vehicles to ingratiate consumers’ taste. However, less than a decade, automakers were required to stop producing electric cars. This prohibition was not very understandable for many people, and it was also controversial to balance the technology development and the environment. The Suspects According to the documentary movie Who killed the Electric Car, consumers, federal government, California Air Resource Board, hydrogen fuel cell, and so forth are regarded as suspects of killing the electric car. Based on a large number of statistic, videos and facts, all suspects are found guilty. Each group considers the benefits based on their points of view, but neglect the influence on others. Social responsibilities should be taken to balance the pros and cons of electric cars’ presence. To elaborate more evidences about the â€Å"killing,† the analysis of the three main suspects will be listed in the following. Consumers: Affect EV’s Business Trend Positive attitude and expectation towards EV Many people believe that electric car is an amazing idea. They have a deep impression on electric car, which is fast, modern, cool, sexy, and quiet with less pollution than other normal gasoline cars. The vast majority desire to own an electric car, but unfortunately the supply is not enough to meet the demand. Consumers are eager to sign up on the waitlist and expect to eventually have one in the future. However, only 50 out of 4000 people who sign up on the list can get the EV1. For those EV drivers, they hold positive attitude toward the car. Their appraisals mainly focus on two aspects, which are convenience and effectiveness. The electric car is given the ease to charge at home and electricity stations. All drivers appreciate the easiness to plug in the car when they are at home. Another reason that consumers like the idea of electric car is that the air condition can be improved, while air quality is closely related to their health. With consumers’ expectation and the foreseeable development, the electric car is supposed to be more and more popular in the future. One of the specialists in the EV product line, Chelsea Sexton, even says that electric car is the dream car of American. Risk of uncertainty * Despite of the positive opinions of the EV drivers, they commonly have issues on the car’s price, functions, and range. The electric car is well designed in saving energy, but it only has a limited range around 100 miles. Electric car is a â€Å"chicken and egg† issue. Consumers resist purchasing an electric car if there are not enough charging stations and repair service centers. The Guardian] Electric car was a new fashion product in the 1990s, while the charging stations haven’t been well established within the state. Electric cars need to recharge after driving 70 to 80 miles. The problem emerges to those drivers who need to drive more than that range. Although drivers can easily charge their cars in their garage, but the risk of uncertainty is that they are not guarantee to have charging stations in somewhere far away from their home or the local area. Troubles could happen if they go for a long distance trip. The high prices tag of electric car is unreasonable for consumers. A cost of $30,000 to $40,000 made the electric car extremely expensive in 1990s. Many consumers cannot afford it, and they expect to pay less because the electric car works less. Besides the EV drivers, the massive consumers propose tremendous potential problems toward the electric car. They doubt whether the trunk is big enough, safe enough, how to fix it, and so forth; while the automakers didn’t promise to guarantee the practical solutions for consumers. Analysis – Consumer is one of the most affective suspects Consumers, as one of the most important groups that affect the economic, have a massive impact on the business trend of a product. Consumer behavior mainly determines the demand and fate of the EV. Instead of considering EV’s most important function of saving the environment and energy, consumers tend to focus on their personal and financial issues, such as price and size. They could not see the difference between the electric car and the car they usually drive because they don’t read the environmental impact information. Dan Neil, who works for Los Angeles Times, claims that American consumers did not accept the idea of electric car. Although EV has a limit range, it is still functional, useful, and practical, and therefore consumers should not only compare the price and regular functions between electric cars and regular gasoline cars. They lack an in-depth understanding to see the benefits of owning an electric car, which lead the EV1 to be taken off the market, and destroyed in the landfill. Government: The Creator and Killer of EV1 The power of policies increases EVs’ sales volume Government has the biggest effect on EV as federal policies always have tremendous power to shake the future. 40 years ago, the cars on the road were less efficient with a low fuel economy standard. In 1970s, federal government mandated average fuel economy in a car, which is no less than 15 mpg. It increased to 27 mpg within a decade, while it remained no changes in two decades after 1985. Government invests a large amount of funds to develop the electric cars, pursuing returns with meeting the fuel economy standard. Early in 1990s before EVs’ presence, California Air Resource Board (CARB) declared Zero Emission Vehicle Mandate (ZEV Mandate), which was designed to rapidly expand the number of electric vehicles available to consumers. [Ford Motor Company] According to ZEV Mandate, if automakers want to continuous to sell cars in CA, some of the vehicles have to be no exhaust. In addition, Government Incentives for Plug-in Electric cars have been established for consumers to take advantages of tax credit with purchasing electric cars. These policies serve as a powerful tool to force car companies to produce electric cars. Restriction for automakers Sometimes, federal policies are complicated. The ZEV Mandate is established for producing more EVs and fuel-cell vehicles, but not everywhere. Although government creates ZEV Mandate to encourage automakers to produce more electric cars, California Agreement for Electric Cars requires automakers to build the market of EV based on customer demand. The Master Memorandum of Agreement points out that it helps to ensure continued progress toward a successful launch sustainable market or zero-emission vehicles in CA by using market-base strategies for introduction of zero-emission vehicles. The opposition * Automakers are given incentives to produce more electric cars, but limited the sales volume at the same time. Both the car companies and oil industries argue that the ZEV Mandate is too strict. Dave Barthmuss, spokesman in GM, demonstrates that the company spent $1 billion to build the market, make advertisements, develop the vehicles, and build the charging stations. To combine Barthmuss’s words with ZEV Mandate, apparently automakers could not get an ideal return from the substantial investment. GM even called back the EV1s, and destroyed them. The mandate was eventually dropped to release the burden of car companies. * Some consumers, who prefer fossil fuel cars, also voice their opposition to the government interference. They argue that California is either a champion of clean air and improved fuel efficiency or a ravening beast determined to destroy the auto industry and their freedom to choose the cars and trucks they want. [Edmunds Tips Advice] What’s more, the environmental benefits of EVs are dubious if the EVs are charged with electricity from coal plants. There is no such thing as â€Å"clean coal. Not one single coal-burning power plant in the world is â€Å"clean. † Every coal plant gives off a multitude of toxins, and these toxins pollute soil, water and air, and contribute to disease and death. [Fox News] Consumers believe that government should be environmental protection agency, not corporation benefit protection agency. Analysis Government is guilty * Government created ZEV Mandate that was motivated by interests for the environmental benefits. However, the mandate could not be completed due to many limitations in terms of imbalance between energy conservation and electricity potential pollution. Although EVs are an important technological breakthrough with substantial potential environmental benefits, these cannot be harnessed everywhere and in every condition. [Phys Org] EVs probably reduce carbon dioxide, but other types of hazardous substances could be produced into the environment. * It is no doubt that the mandate is too strict for automakers because the appropriate amount of EVs that they should produce is ambiguous. Although car companies sell EVs through market driven, they cannot produce as much amount as the actual demand. If there’s no obvious demand, automakers could not make one. To resolve the conflict among policies, automakers’ benefit, and consumers’ concern on air pollution, the mandate was dropped; while automakers were required to stop making electric cars at the same time. From the beginning of EVs’ creation to the end of the prohibition, a large amount of expenditure and time was consumed to build the cars and charging statio ns. The disappearance of EV1 leaded all related facilities to be useless. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hydrogen fuel cell cars are introduced and supported To retain the idea of electric cars, and consider environmental sustainability, hydrogen fuel cell cars are introduced. They are seen as a better option for controlling pollution than the electric vehicles. The hydrogen that is used to power a fuel cell can be produced by splitting the hydrocarbons in fossil fuels or through electrolysis, which uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. [SonyClassics] President Bush also supported the idea of hydrogen fuel cell cars, and promised that fuel-cell cars will be free of pollution. [MotherJones] The obstacles of fuel-cell cars Fuel-cell cars are definitely great ideal products for the development of sustainability. However, the program is still impractical. The major obstacles are shown in the following: * The price tags of different hydrogen fuel cell cars are unreasonable for the vast majority. Consumers cannot afford as the fuel-cell cars are sold within the price range of $50,000 to $150,000. Cars are just seen as walking tools for most of consumers, and therefore few people are willing to pay a high price for a owning a fuel-cell car. * There are no enough humankind materials to store hydrogen fuel to keep the range that people want; nonetheless hydrogen can be easily and cleanly extracted from water with existing technology. Besides the high price tags, hydrogen fuel is also expensive. A hydrogen fuel cell car even uses 3 to 4 times more energy than an electric car. * In order to expand the market and well establish hydrogen fuel cell cars program, at least 10 to 20 thousand hydrogen fueling stations are needed to build by someone. Analysis – Hydrogen fuel cell cars take the place of electric cars The presence of fuel-cell cars lead sheer electric cars to fell into disuse. On one hand, â€Å"the better option† is regarded as a substitute, switching consumers’ choice and swapping out the existing battery companies. On the other hand, after consumers are educated with changing the value to choose a better alternative, EVs become meaningless to consumers. No one would produce it or buy it. Fuel-cell cars nevertheless attract the society with the advantage of zero emission; High price tags, limit hydrogen storage space, and a small amount of hydrogen fuel stations are puzzles for consumers. These obstacles still obstruct the market growth of fuel-cell cars. Consumers lose confidence on electric cars, and give up thinking of saving the environment with paying a high price to own a fuel-cell car. Recommendation To improve the environment, and well establish the high technology car industry, there are many things that we can do. Not only the government has social responsibility to resolve the conflict and dilemma, consumers and automakers should also take active part in contributing to the growth of high efficiency vehicles and environmental conditions. For government Since government policies are extraordinarily affective, more incentives should be given to increase the sales volume of hybrid and hydrogen fuel cell cars. Government can also set a price ceiling for hybrid and hydrogen vehicles. Given the ease to take advantages of tax rebate, and other financial supports, consumers and car companies will be more willing to consider the high-efficiency vehicles. For consumers To consider the future for human’s next generation, consumers also play a dynamic role in saving the Earth. Nothing will be more important than a comfortable living habitat. Consumers can use less fossil fuel in terms of reducing emission. Switching to hybrid vehicles from gasoline cars can make a big change to the environment. Consumers should also increase the awareness that the living environment is more important than the investment they make in a high-efficiency car. Educating children with raising their consciousness to recycle and protect the environment is even effective for the future development of our planet. For automakers Automakers can look for lower cost but qualitative materials to replace unnecessary luxury parts in the vehicles, thereby decrease the price of fuel-cell cars. Technology innovation should be ongoing introduced to upgrade the manufacture process, result in maintaining profitability. Conclusion Based on the facts, issues, and analysis, the three main suspects are found that they are all guilty in the â€Å"death† of the electric car. Consumers, federal government, and hydrogen fuel cells all have massive indirect effects on EV’s business trend and fate, which eventually lead it to fade away. In fact, everyone is responsible for building our planet. The â€Å"death† of electric cars is not a revolution, but an evolution of human’s development.

Literature Review of MNCs Culture

Discussion Multinational corporations operate in environments where they deal with different cultures. Multinationals serve customers from various cultures and their workforce is also culturally diverse. The management has to deal with the diverse culture of the organizations to succeed in the global scene. The challenges that managers encounter when managing diversity will be assessed in chapter two of this article.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of MNCs Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Literature review Multinationals are firms that are spread out in other countries other than the mother country. A multinational organization has its headquarters in one country, which is known as the home country, and then other branches in different countries known as the host countries. Multinationals are classified into four categories. The first category is the decentralized corporations. These ar e multinationals that give the branches at the host countries the power to make decisions and conduct their own operations independently. The multinational branches in the host countries should have a strong local presence for them to be given the mandate to make their own decisions. The second category is the global centralized corporations. These are corporations whose control is given to one group, usually the headquarters in the home country. All operations of the organizational groups are centralized. All the costs and decisions are made at the central group. The group can be located in an area where there are cheap resources to minimize costs. The third category is the international company that builds on the parent corporation’s technology. The parent corporation in this case is usually the source of technology. The other group organizations source technology from the parent and build on it. Finally, there is the transnational enterprise that combines the previous thre e approaches. Such organizations have some duties that are centralized, while others build on the parent corporation’s technology. There have been changes in the workplace of multinationals over the last couple of years. According to Early and Gibson (2002:15), the most noteworthy changes are two. The first is the scope and concentration with which the market has been internationalized, while the second is that there has been reformation of companies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the setting up of firms internationally, â€Å"open borders, bringing together of business regulations, pan-European strategic management, and the single currency have speeded up European economic amalgamation† (Mercado et al. 2001: 476). These have facilitated the mobility of people across Europe and in the world. Multinationals ought to be as flexible and dynamic as possible in their operations. Teamwork is also paramount. Flexibility is felt to be particularly important in this globalised business world since parts of a company may be â€Å"formed, disbanded and reformed to respond rapidly to changing business needs comprising members from different countries, different company locations and different teams† (Earley and Gibson 2002: 19). Technology enhances communication among the various organizational teams spread out in different countries. Communication, among other concerns, is pertinent when dealing with teams that comprise members from different cultures. A collapse in cross-cultural knowledge transmission is seen as a danger, risk and hazard to a corporation’s competitiveness, feasibility and existence. Divides as a result of culture or any other cause hampers team efforts since conflicts are bound to occur when dealing with a culturally-diverse group. Culture and Diversity Cultural diversity in multinationals is where employees wor king in the company are from different cultural backgrounds. The multinational corporations recruit employees depending in their skills, expertise and knowledge. They do not consider the race, ethnicity or the nationality of the individual as long as they have the right qualifications. There have been disputes regarding cultural diversity in that it is likely to have some negative impacts on the organization (Early Gibson, 2001). The major challenge to cultural diversity is failure in the communication system in the organization. People from different cultures have difficulties communicating with one another. This is likely to affect the performance of the organization since it is difficult to have a productive performance when people cannot communicate effectively.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of MNCs Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, diversity is generally beneficial to o rganizations since it has the ability to bring together top talents and in the process enhance innovation. It is important to note that innovation is important for any business organization, especially in the global market. Innovation has the ability to give the organization a competitive advantage (Yanow 2003; Holden 2002; Mercado, et al., 2001; Winston, et al., 2001 Carnevale, 1999). It is, therefore, important for managers to find a way of managing diversity effectively. Managers should eliminate the communication barriers that may result from diversity, which may in turn lead to poor performance of the organization. Instead of the barriers, managers need to maximize the benefits of diversity for a competitive organization. Multiculturalism The world is trending towards a global village since people from different cultural backgrounds can interact effectively on different platforms. All cultures need to be treated equally without any form of discrimination. The practice of treati ng the different cultures equally and giving each culture equal importance is what is referred to as multiculturalism. Multiculturalism can be divided into various types as follows: Domestic multiculturalism This is the type of multiculturalism where a multinational organization has a diverse workforce working in the home country. The home country has people from different nationalities or from different ethnicities working together. The managers can pick employees from each of the countries in which the organization has operations or from any other part of the world as long as they are competent and have the required skills and qualifications to move the organization forward. Group multiculturalism This is where there are different groups of people working in the same organization. The group composition is diverse in terms of culture of the various members. Among the groups that might be found in organizations include homogenous groups, token groups, bicultural groups, and multicul tural groups. Potential Problems Associated with Diversity Despite the benefits that diversity is likely to bring to the organization, there are some problems associated with it. First, there may be attitude problems among the employees. Employees may not understand each other or each other’s cultures.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are some people who perceive other cultures negatively. Such people have a negative attitude towards people of the said culture. As a result, such people cannot work effectively in a team, making the unit unproductive. Secondly, there are perceptual problems among employees. There are stereotypes that exist among members of diverse groups. These stereotypes can be erroneous and affect the performance of the organization. Thirdly, inaccurate biases could also result from cultural diversity. Employees from different cultural backgrounds may have the tendency to prefer some activities over others, and usually their basis is unfair. Such employees make wrong judgments in the duties they carry out or against their colleagues. Finally, there is a communication problem within the organization as a result of cultural diversity. People from different cultural backgrounds may not understand each other’s languages. In addition, they may use sign or symbols that have different mean ings leading to communication failure. Poor communication has an effect on the performance of the organization. Identifying the Key Challenges Faced by MNCs How to Address these Challenges Multinational organizations face numerous problems in executing their business activities. The challenges have the ability to affect smooth running of the business. In addition, the performance and competitiveness of the organizations may be negatively impacted. It is important to note that the international business environment is highly competitive; therefore, any issue that is likely to affect the organization’s competitiveness should be dealt with effectively and with urgency. It is the obligation of the managers to come up with ways and methods to overcome these challenges. This section evaluates the problems faced by multinationals and the ways through which those problems can be addressed. Multinational companies have benefits, which can contribute to the governments, the economy, p eople, and for the corporation itself. According to Cole (1996) â€Å"the size of multinational organizations is enormous; many of them have total sales well in excess of the GND of many of the world’s nations†. In addition, World Bank statistics comparing the income of multinational companies and national GNPs indicates that large oil firms such as Exxon and Shell are large in economic terms than nations such as South Africa, Australia and Argentina that are substantially greater than nations such as Greece, Bulgaria and Egypt. MNCs vs. Locals Firms Multinationals organizations are very important in the world’s economy. They play a vital role in the international trade. In addition, they facilitate the development of nations, both developed and the developing nations. For instance, multinationals provide employment opportunities to the developing nations. People get disposal income to spend on from multinationals setting base in their countries, consequently fa cilitating the economic growth of these nations. In addition, multinational organizations facilitate provision of high quality goods, as well as services. On the other hand, despite the fact that local organizations in the developing countries have an impact on the economies of those countries, they may not be as effective as the MNCs. Multinationals have the ability to rise above the challenges faced by local firms. They offer services of better quality than those of local organizations. Among the challenges faced by local firms and which the multinationals can rise above include deficiency in managerial experience, insufficient education, lack of credit, poor infrastructure, national policies and regulatory environment, as well as insufficient market information. Local firms are also affected by changes in technology since they do not have the ability to cope. They, therefore, lose their competitive advantage to multinationals. Sustaining the culture in MNCs Multinational organiza tions have their own cultures, goals and objectives that they should fulfill. The organizations, therefore, need to be governed so that they can direct their operations towards achievement of those cultural values and objectives. Codes of conduct are used to govern the organizations’ business to ensure that they comply with the laws and regulations in the destination countries. It is not easy to sustain the MNCs’ culture, especially when the environment is changing too rapidly. The following are some of the ways in which the culture can be maintained. Define and distinguish the organizational culture clearly Develop an implementation plan Senior management should support implementation in their activities Employees (both new and existing) should be made aware of the culture Continuous evaluation Transparency on changes that are happening within the organization Advantages of Sustaining a Culture Sustaining a culture has the ability to improve the company’s bra nd image, thus giving it a competitive advantage. The organization can be able to improve on employee satisfaction and boost their morale and productivity, which is reflected in the overall performance of the company. Innovation can be enhanced, as well as stakeholders’ relations. Finally, the organization can effectively manage risk and can become a business model. Shortcomings of ‘sustaining a culture’ It takes a lot of time The organization can miss its goal of maximizing revenue Cultural conflicts may lead to employee turnover Challenges and strategies to resolve Shortage of manpower It is not easy to find talented people who have the ability to effectively manage cultural diversity. Managers who have that technical ability are usually few and are difficult to maintain since they are usually on high demand. For an organization to acquire the manpower and retain them, it should come up with a strategy where employees can learn to acquire technical skills. In addition, the organization should appoint leaders who are highly competent and offer competitive salaries to discourage them from moving on to competitor organizations. Unfriendly business environment The business environment is not very friendly. At the same time, there are laws that are challenging to organizations. Competition is very high, making it difficult for organizations to succeed. However, firms can come up with business strategies that can give them a competitive advantage. For instance, they can adopt the Porter’s generic strategies. Conflict of interest among the government, MNCs and the public Organizations’ major interest is to maximize profits. The government might require the organizations to follow certain policies, which may be perceived to reduce their profitability. On the other hand, customers (public) want the best services in spite of the costs incurred by the organization. The organization may make decisions that are against the will of both the government and the public, resulting in conflict of interest. To avoid these conflicts, the MNCs should come up with strategies that would enable them adopt global integration. Huge costs of labor in the host country Huge labor cost is a problem to MNCs since they incur high operating expenses that reduce their profitability. MNCs are said to take advantage of the poor labor standards and weak environmental regulations to maximize their income. They avoid employing expatriates from their home countries to avoid high expenses. Real Life Examples An event for honoring the top MNCs was conducted in New York Stock Exchange on October 2011. From the research conducted, it emerged that Microsoft was at the pole position, followed closely by Google at number 4. The two companies are said to have a unique culture that embraces diversity in their workplaces. For instance, employees are highly motivated at Microsoft; they are given workplace benefits and the freedom to manage their sched ules. This enables them to adopt a good work-life balance. Microsoft has adopted the same strategy in all its branches worldwide. Google is also known to have an effective strategy that offers a good work environment for employees. Employees are given the freedom to work individually and come up with their own projects. This motivates employees. The company also gives employees an environment that enhances work-life balance. This essay on Literature Review of MNCs Culture was written and submitted by user Maleah Cox to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.